Rodent pests B. Pests of Regional Significance 1. If these conditions prevail during the period of seedling, tillering and ear emergence, then the disease is likely to appear. Lecture 03 - Wheat: Lecture 04 - Pearl Millet: Lecture 05 - Maize: Lecture 06 - Sugarcane: Lecture 07 - Turmeric: Lecture 08 - Tobacco: Lecture 09 - Groundnut: Lecture 10 - Castor: Lecture 11 - Sunflower: Lecture 12 - Sesamum: Lecture 13 - Cotton: Lecture 14 - Red gram: Lecture 15 - Black gram: Lecture 16 - Green Gram: Lecture 17 - Bengal Gram: Lecture 18 - Soyabean: DISEASE OF FIELD CROP AND When these weather parameters become favourable, late blight of potato appears. Diseases, India, Agrometeorology, Agriculture, Various Crops, Diseases of Various Crops. Favourable weather conditions for the appearance of leaf spots are given below: i. A system for forecasting the severity of wheat leaf rust in USA has been distinctly successful. Loose Smut - Ustilago tritici, Stem Rust / Black Rust:Puccinia graminisf.sp.tritici, Stripe Rust /Yellow Rust-Puccinia striiformis, Home | About Us | Success Stories | Farmers Association | TNAU Publications | Contact Us, The postules are circular or slightly elliptical, smaller than those of stem rust, usually do not coalesce, and contain masses of orange to orange-brown Urediospores.. Leaf spot may be of two types. The culture exhibited resistance to black (stem), yellow and brown (leaf) rusts. Powdery mildew: Erysiphe graminis var. Diseases of Wheat 2. Based on these parameters, humid thermal ratio (HTR) was developed for use in the disease prediction model. Copyright 10. How to Download PDF Book [Full Guide] Outline of Practical Crop Production. Diseases II. Weather conditions favourable for its multiplication are given below: (a) Mean air temperature between 15 to 20C should prevail for a week. Diseases of Rice: i. Wetting, splashing rains and strong winds are favourable for disease spread. Different rules have been suggested for the forecast of late blight of potato: According to this rule, following weather conditions must prevail: i. Several studies have been conducted to predict late blight of potato by using various environmental conditions. Mean temperature should not be more than 24C. There should be intermittent rainfall. Brown rust can survive over a wide range of temperature. Seed treatment with Carboxin 2g/kg (Vitavax 2g/kg). Temperature should range between 19-37C during summer season and 17-26C during winter season. If such type of conditions prevail for a week in mid-January, then yellow rust is likely to increase. Ergot symptoms become evident during kernel formation, when ergot bodies are formed in place of kernels. Relative humidity at 1500 hours should not be less than 75 per cent. PATH371 - Disease of Horticultural crops and their management: GPBR111 - Principles of Genetics : Agricultural Engineering: GPBR112 - Principles of Seed Technology: AENG151 - Fundamentals of soil water conservation and engineering : GPBR211 - Principles of Plant Breeding: AENG252 - Protected cultivation and Post Harvest Technology: GPBR212 - Breeding of Field and Horticultural crops : If these conditions prevail for a few weeks, leaf spots may appear. The ergot bodies, which are also called sclerotia, are formed from a hard mass of fungal mycelium, and are the over-wintering structures in Affected plants can be pulled out easily. Relative humidity should range between 77 to 86 per cent. Losses may be more in those areas where the crop is grown under irrigated conditions because of higher humidity. Privacy Policy 8. Disease Management(Wheat Disease) Management options are generally the same for all corn seedling diseases. Relative humidity should range between 86 93 per cent. TNAU assumed full responsibilities of Agricultural Education and Research and supported the State Agricultural Department by delivering research products. These conditions indicate that late blight of potato may appear within two weeks. Content Filtrations 6. Humid conditions caused by excessive rainfall should persist. Dew, fog and rainfall are important sources of moisture, which keep the leaves wet. Therefore, wheat rust appears in north-west India when there exist favourable weather conditions. (c) Intermittent cloudiness must exist in the end of January or first week of February. Therefore, forecast of this disease is very easy. i. Weather conditions favourable for the incidence of the disease are given below: i. caused by rice disease in a year were to be only 5% of the total rice production in the country, it would amount to a great deal, and prevention of such a loss should constitute one of the important methods of augmenting our food security. High humidity and lower temperature should persist. 4. This rust appears in Punjab during the month of February. In 1920 it was affiliated to Madras University. Image Guidelines 5. If north to north-westerly winds persist, then the rust is likely to assume the highest severity. ii. TANJORE WILT / BASAL STEM END ROT; Ganoderma Wilt / ANABE ROGA Standard Operating Procedure for Integrated Pest Management FAO Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides (1982, 2002) White Fly Infestation in Fruit Crops Rainfall should not be less than 0.1 mm. Dark coloured streaks are formed on the stem from the ground level and gradually these streaks enlarge and girdle the stem. This disease may appear at any phenological stage of the crop. Threshold of 10,000 juveniles/kg soil develop disease. iii. Per cent transmission was reduced and the incubation period in mungbean plants was extended in November-December compared with July-October. Leaf wetness is also one of the causes of these diseases. Mean relative humidity should be around 87 per cent. The fungus is internally seed borne (dormant mycelium within the embryoof the barley seed). In view of high and stable yield performance over locations and resistant to leaf and stem rust diseases, the culture HW 1095 was released as TNAU Wheat COW 2 for the benefit of Tamil Nadu farmers. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. One of the factors causing plant diseases is parasites, those living organisms that can colonize the tissues of their host-plant victims and can be transmitted from plant to plant. The weather conditions become favourable for the appearance of rust by the end of January. Currently in north Africa and west Asia. Disclaimer 9. Weather conditions favourable for the disease are given below: i. Wide fluctuations in relative humidity from 55-91 per cent. The leaf tissue turns yellow and chlorosis reach towards the centre of the leaf and form V shaped area with base of V towards the midrib. ii. The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) had its genesis from establishment of an Agricultural School at Saidapet, Madras, Tamil Nadu, as early as 1868 and it was later relocated at Coimbatore. The entire inflorescence, except the rachis, is replaced by masses of smut spores. ii. The stripes are yellow to orange yellow. Favourable weather conditions for its multiplication are given below: (a) Mean air temperature should range between 16 to 27C. These black teliospores often are blown away by the wind, leaving only the bare rachis and remnants of other floral structures. iii. High relative humidity should persist. The veins show brown to black discoloration. 6. iii. Multiple regression indicated that maximum temperature alone is important in predicting the disease outbreak. ii. Bright yellow pustules (Uredia) appear on leaves at early stage of crop and pustules are arranged in linear rows as stripes. Early leaf spot and late leaf spot. Yellow rust spores move from Himalayas to plains of north-west India along with northerly winds. Temperature should persist between 10-24C for at least two days. The weather conditions favourable for the incidence of late blight of potato are given below: i. Wheat is the staple food for over ten billion people in as many as 43 countries of the world. Proceedings of the Xth All India Wheat Critical value may be referred to the value which can keep the leaf wet. Hope you enjoyed our video lecture which covers the following topics: crops diseases list diseases of horticultural crops and their management pdf diseases of field crops and their management tnau diseases of field crops and their management agrimoon crop diseases and their management book pdf crop diseases and their management pdf in hindi diseases of field crops book diseases of field crops Minimum temperature should not be less than 10C. Relative humidity should be more than 90 per cent. iii. Relative humidity at 1400 hours should remain above 70 per cent. Rice hispa scrapes the upper surface of leaf blades leaving only the lower epidermis Weather conditions not favourable for the incidence of the disease: i. There should be more number of rainy days. WHEAT :: MAJOR DISEASES ::YELLOW OR STRIPE RUST . However, intermittent rains are more favourable for the disease development than continuous dry spells or rainy days. There should be intermittent cloudiness and dew. If these conditions prevail for two days, late blight of potato is likely to appear after a period of 10 days. Poor field drainage and water stagnation further aggravate the disease, which is more in heavy soils than the sandy soils. Late blight of potato could be predicted by using synoptic charts and warnings were issued four days ahead for spraying the potato crop against late blight. The entire inflorescence, except the rachis, is replaced by masses of smut spores. Whereas, it moves along with southerly winds from Nilgiri hills to northern India. 5. iv. During this period generally the weather conditions become favourable for the spread of black rust in Punjab. ii. There should be high relative humidity. Glume blotch of Wheat Disease cycle and epidemiology: The septoria leaf and glume blotch pathogen survives within infested straw, seed and on volunteer wheat and serves as the source of inoculum with a new crop of wheat. Pustules (containing masses of urediospores) are dark reddish brown - occur on both sides of the leaves, on the stems, and on the spikes. iii. Rotting of primary and secondary roots, rotten roots turn black and roots contain large number of black sclerotia. Higher the duration of wetness, higher is the infection. Favourable weather conditions for the incidence of disease: i. Humid weather conditions and temperature ranging from 20-25C are favourable for the initiation and rapid development of the disease. Wheat rust can move from Nilgiri hills towards north in central India. Infection sites primarily are found on the upper surfaces of leaves and leaf sheaths and occasionally on the neck and awns. iv. White fly population and incidence of yellow mosaic on mungbean are high in crop sown during July in India. diseases of wheat 1. welcome 2. university of agricultural sciences pat.301(2+1) diseases of field crops and management topic:fungal diseases of wheat by, nagendra alb2099 Diseases of Potatoes. ii. ii. This rule is known as Beaumont rule. Weekly cumulative rainfall should exceed critical value for two weeks. But during summer season, favourable weather conditions are found in the hilly areas of north India. However, if the severity of the disease is high, then crop may suffer 50 per cent damage. Mean temperature should be between 22.5-23.5C. Plagiarism Prevention 4. 1755 - French botanist Tillet published a paper on bunt or stinking smut of wheat; discovered bunt is a disease of wheat. The student him/herself is doing the cultivation practices. Rice crop grown under irrigated conditions is more susceptible to this disease. Yellow or stripe rust - Puccinia striiformis Symptom Mainly occur on leaves than the leaf sheaths and stem. Early leaf spot can appear after a few weeks of sowing. The disease development is faster when cloudy weather persists and day and night temperatures are around 20-25C and relative humidity is between 70 and 80 per cent. 1807 - French scientist I. New Delhi, India: Malhotra Publishing House, 162-175. These diseases are found all over the world, where the groundnut is cultivated. Diseases of Pulses 5. During winter season, western disturbances cause cloudiness, rains, dew and fog over North India. Sunshine hours should range between 3.3 7.8 hours per day. Survival : Both survive on stubbles and volunteer crops, Pustules (containing masses of urediospores) are dark reddish brown - occur on both sides of the leaves, on the stems, and on the spikes. It is an important disease of groundnut. Till The northern states of Punjab and Haryana Plains in India have been prolific wheat producers. AESA BASED IPM - WHEAT Directorate of Plant Protection Quarantine and Storage N. H. IV, Faridabad, Haryana National Institute of Plant Health Management Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana Diseases 3. There should be dew for at least four hours during the night. Similarly, Nilgiri hills in south India are the source region of wheat rust, where wheat is cultivated throughout the year. ii. Severity of the disease is likely to increase if the minimum temperature remains below 23C with relative humidity more than 90 per cent for many days. ii. Foliar diseases of wheat-leaf spots and blights In: Joshi LM, Singh DV, Srivastava KD, eds. Wheat cultivation has traditionally been dominated by the northern region of India. Content Guidelines 2. Pustules also can be found on leaf sheaths, necks, and glumes. Infections occur during periods of extended wetness. 2. Lecture 18 - Diseases of Mulberry Mulberry Root rot- Macrophomina phaseolina Symptoms Sudden wilting, withering of leaves and affected plants fail to sprout after pruning and dry up completely. Maximum temperature is positively correlated with the population in 20- 30 day old crop and with the disease incidence in 45 day old crop. In the wheat season, the weather conditions are favourable for the yellow rust in north India. If transplanted crop: ii. Generally cloudy weather, low temperature and high humidity are favourable for the development of the disease. Higher duration of leaf wetness due to dew, fog and rainfall. ; Powdery growth later become black lesion and cause drying of leaves and other parts. Cloudy weather and dark period during night is more congenial for the speedy development of the disease. There should be high and prolonged rainfall. The pathogen survives from one season to the next as dormant mycelium (fungal threads) within the embryo of the barley seed. Major problem in dry areas of the wheat growing zones especially NWPZ, NEPZ and CZ DISEASES COMMON NAME Leaf (brown) rust Stripe (yellow) rust Stem (black) rust Foliar blights Loose smut Karnal bunt Powdery mildew Head scab NEMATODES Ear cockle (seed gall nematode) Tundu disease Cereal cyst nematode INSECT PESTS Termites PPQ&S/2002 Nene YL, Saxena SC, Singh A, Mishra AB, Singh DV, Joshi LM, Tyagi PD, Ruikar SK, Gupta RS, 1971. Favourable weather conditions for the disease are: ii. Swarming caterpillar (Spodoptera mauritia Boisduval) - Odisha, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Author: TNAU. About 90 per cent relative humidity persist for at least 10 hours. In India, during summer season, high temperatures do not allow either the wheat crop or the rust to survive in the plain areas. Weather conditions are favourable for the survival of wheat rust in central Nepal, which acts as a source region for the wheat rust. This rust appears in Punjab usually by the end of February to mid-March. There should be high rainfall and more number of rainy days. 1821 - E. M. Fries published Systema Mycologicum for naming of fungi; he was named as Linnaeus of Mycology. Wide spread infection is directly associated with wet weather. Problems and Progress of Wheat Pathology in South Asia. iv. Disease cycle of loose smut of barley is similar to as of loose smut of wheat. Price: Free . Diseases of Rice 3. Disease symptoms. Before the spore masses break through the epidermis, the infection sites feel rough to the touch, As the spore masses break through, the surface tissues take on a ragged and torn appearance. Jhorar (1997) found that fall in maximum temperature and rise in afternoon relative humidity in the month of March accelerates the disease development. Following weather conditions are favourable for the incidence of the disease: i. Originally found in many parts of the world but has been eradicated from the western hemisphere. (a) Stripe rust, leaf rust, leaf blight, flag smut and Fusarium head scab of wheat by evaluating germplasm of bread wheat, durum wheat and triticales from the different centres spread all over India under All India Coordinated Wheat and Barley Improvement Project (AICW and BIP) under artificial epiphytotic conditions and their incorporation in cultivated lines for development of varieties resistant Infected heads develop shriveled grain seeds. The severity of the leaf spot is higher in kharif season than in rabi and summer season. Nematodes 4. Agro-ecosystem analysis (AESA) based integrated pests management (IPM) A. AESA B. It moves from southern India towards Punjab. Temperature should range between 30.4 32.7C. If these conditions continue for several days, then disease is likely to appear. 2. The magnitude of the incidence of the disease depends upon the duration of wetness. The weather conditions favourable for the incidence of late blight are given below: i. Weekly mean temperature should be equal to or less than 24C. iii. It these conditions persist during kharif season, then high degree of severity of the disease is expected. In fact, Himalayas are the source regions of wheat rust in the north and Nilgiri hills in the south. During winter season, wheat rusts move along with northerly winds from Himalayas towards northern plains, where wheat is grown. (b) Relative humidity should be more than 70 per cent. Another rule of forecasting the potato blight was reported by Beaumont. TOS 7. The teliospores are also arranged in long stripes and are dull black in colour. Diurnal range of temperature should be between 18-37C. Calm to light wind, intermittent rainfall, rainy days followed by clear days with bright sunshine and again rainy days with high humidity are favourable for the rapid spread of the disease. The development of the disease depends upon the infection, which is influenced by temperature conditions, leaf wetness and high humidity. Stem ust / Black rust - Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici, Stripe rust / Yellow Rust - Puccinia striiformis Favourable weather conditions for the incidence of rust: ii. Decay of root bark. TNAU and officials in the Department of Agriculture in the past several years. Wheat rust can be divided into three types: Yellow rust is mainly confined to the northern parts of India due to its low temperature requirement. Wheat provides nourishment to 35% of world population. Weeds 5. It has been observed that primary source of infection is the plant residue left in the fields. Insect pests 2. These biotic agents are, therefore, infectious, and the diseases they cause are termed infectious diseases. Weather conditions favourable for the appearance of yellow rust are given below: (a) Mean air temperature should range between 9 to 13C. Report a Violation, Weather Parameter and Movement of Insects | Pest Diseases, Crops Fluctuated due to Climatic Parameters: 15 Crops. Climatic conditions are favourable for the wheat rust to survive in the Himalayan region during summer season on the host plant of Barberry. Prior to pustule formation, "flecks" may appear. iii. This rule lays down the following criteria for the forecast of late blight of potato: i. Therefore, northern and southern hills act as source regions of infection. Night temperature should be greater than 10C. Temperature should range between 22-35C. There is no major incidence of pests in this samba wheat culture. Diseases of Groundnut 4. Based on the above weather conditions, the forecasting of the disease can be made. Stem become hollow due to internal rotting. Prohibited Content 3. Though the black rust can survive in the northern hills throughout the summer season, the source of inoculum concerned in the epidemiology of the black rust is the Nilgiri hills of the south. Ergot is a plant disease caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which infects the developing grains of cereals and grasses. Sunshine should be more than 5 hours per day. Maximum disease severity occurs when maximum temperature is around 27C and relative humidity should be around 92 per cent during rainy days. It causes a disease in wheat and rye called ear-cockle or seed gall. Book Detail: Language: English Pages: 133 Author: TNAU Price: Free How to Download Book (Full guide) BREEDING OF FIELD & HORTICULTURAL CROPS Course Outline RICE Oryza sativa Rice Varieties Released Using Different Breeding Techniques Hybrid Rice Seed Production WHEAT Triticum sp. Infections from spores arriving from a distance are termed primary infections. Therefore, incidence of late blight of potato is common in hilly regions. It appears earlier than the late leaf spot. These conditions adversely affect the spread of the disease. ii. After reading this article you will learn about:- 1. The pustules of stripe rust, which, contain yellow to orange-yellow urediospores, usually form narrow stripes on the leaves. Wide fluctuations in maximum temperature from 24-39C, ii. Under these conditions, late blight of potato is expected to appear after about a week. It has been studied by many workers that weather conditions are favourable for the survival of the wheat rust on the mountains of Himalayas. Crop: Wheat, Scientific Name: Triticum aestivum Family: Poaceae : Leaf Rust/Brown Rust : Stem Rust : Stripe Rust/Yellow Rust : Loose Smut : Powdery Mildew Source of Microscopic images: Diseases of small grain cereal crops- A colour handbook by TD Murray, DW Parry and ND Cattlin The crops are: Irrigated puddled lowland rice / any irrigated dry crop (maize / sorghum / pearl millet / finger millet / cotton / groundnut / sunflower / sesame. I take this opportunity to thank the Agricultural Production Commissioner & Principal 3 WHEAT 122 4 PULSES 125 i. Redgram 125 ii. 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