Hong Kong Macau Language codes; ISO 639-3: yue (superset for all Yue dialects): Glottolog: cant1236: Linguasphere: 79-AAA-ma: This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. It is classified as part of the Sino-Tibetan language family.Shanghainese, like other Wu variants, is mutually unintelligible with other varieties of Chinese, such as Mandarin. Generally speaking, Cantonese is a tonal language with six phonetic tones. In all, this article is a suitable introduction to the basic features present in Cantonese phonology, but could be improved through additional citations, explanations and organization. Bridgman and Williams based their system on the phonetic alphabet and diacritics proposed by Sir William Jones for South Asian languages. A history of chinese film production may add depth, or even differences that occur with films from 1993 and 2019. Cantonese is the third most-spoken language in Australia. The de facto standard pronunciation of Cantonese is that of Canton (Guangzhou). Most of these are rare outside their native areas, though they may be spoken outside of China. A 2010 proposal to switch some programming on Guangzhou television from Cantonese to Mandarin was abandoned following massive public protests, the largest since the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. 136.228.180.74 (talk) 15:26, 18 January 2019 (UTC), The article claims that consonants are not palatalized before vowels, but the reference [4] contradicts this. Chan, Alice Y. W.; Li, David C. S. Language, Culture and Curriculum, v13 n1 p67-85 2000. [39] For example, in New York City, Cantonese still predominates in the city's older, traditional western portion of Chinatown in Manhattan and in Brooklyn's small new Chinatowns in sections of Bensonhurst and in Homecrest. The Barnett-Chao romanization system was first used in Chao's Cantonese Primer, published in 1947 by Harvard University Press (The Cantonese Primer was adapted for Mandarin teaching and published by Harvard University Press in 1948 as Mandarin Primer). WikiVisually WikiVisually People Places History Art Science WikiVisually Top Lists Trending Stories Featured Videos Video Picker Celebrities Cities of the World History by Country Wars and Battles Supercars In Cantonese phonology, a close relationship exists between the nasal codas and the stop codas. [58], As Guangzhou became China's key commercial center for foreign trade and exchange in the 1700s, Cantonese became the variety of Chinese interacting most with the Western World. [52] This is largely due to the presence of British Hong Kongers and the fact that many British Chinese also have origins in the former British colonies in Southeast Asia of Singapore and Malaysia. A Cantonese sound (or sound segment) usually consists of an initial (onset) and a final (rime). [28], Cantonese is widely used as the inter-communal language among Chinese Cambodians, especially in Phnom Penh and other urban areas. Cantonese drama series on terrestrial TV channels are instead dubbed in Mandarin and broadcast without the original Cantonese audio and soundtrack. While they do not differ greatly, Jyutping and Yale are the two most used and taught systems today in the West. Many artists from the Mainland and Taiwan have learned Cantonese to break into the market. It is estimated that learning Cantonese to a Professional Working Proficiency in the language (a score of Speaking-3/Reading-3 on the Interagency Language Roundtable scale) will take an average of 88 weeks (2200 class hours). [26] Hong Kong (Cantonese) and Taiwanese dramas are unavailable in their untranslated form on free-to-air television, though drama series in non-Chinese languages are available in their original languages. In Vietnam, Cantonese is the dominant language of the ethnic Chinese community, usually referred to as Hoa, which numbers about one million people and constitutes one of the largest minority groups in the country. Their close association is best evidenced by the very fact that all stop sounds come from nasal sounds. For instance, dim sum is often known as diǎn xīn in Singapore's English-language media, though this is largely a matter of style, and most Singaporeans will still refer to it as dim sum when speaking English. In contrast, less educated speakers pronounce the merge more frequently.[72]. A new romanization was developed in the first decade of the twentieth century which eliminated the diacritics on vowels by distinguishing vowel quality by spelling differences (e.g. It was apparently Bridgman's innovation to mark the tones with an open circle (upper register tones) or an underlined open circle (lower register tones) at the four corners of the romanized word in analogy with the traditional Chinese system of marking the tone of a character with a circle (lower left for "even," upper left for "rising," upper right for "going," and lower right for "entering" tones). Given the traditional predominance of Cantonese within Hong Kong, it is the de facto official spoken form of the Chinese language used in the Hong Kong Government and all courts and tribunals. However, these are seldom counted as phonemic tones in modern linguistics, which prefer to analyse them as conditioned by the following consonant.[74]. a/aa, o/oh). It is the traditional prestige variety of the Yue Chinese dialect group, which has over 80 million native speakers. Phonology is a branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds (or signs, in sign languages). "Entering" tones could be distinguished by their consonantal ending. Socioeconomic statuses are also a factor as well. Diu (tra­di­tional Chi­nese: 屌 or 𨳒 ; Jyut­ping: diu2), lit­er­ally mean­ing fuck, is a com­mon but grossly vul­gar pro­fan­ity in Can­tonese. Written Cantonese is the written form of Cantonese, the most complete written form of Chinese after that for Mandarin Chinese and Classical Chinese. [26] The prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew, then, also stopped giving speeches in Hokkien to prevent giving conflicting signals to the people. Robert Morrison, the first Protestant missionary in China published a "Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect" (1828) with a rather unsystematic romanized pronunciation. Since the late-20th century, however, Mandarin- and Wu-speaking migrants from mainland China have outnumbered those from Macau, although Cantonese is still retained among mainstream Chinese community associations.[54]. Also, academically called "Canton prefecture speech" (廣府話; 广府话; Gwóngfú wá). The most notable has been the 2010 proposal that Guangzhou Television increase its broadcast in Mandarin at the expense of Cantonese programs. At the same time, some new words created are vividly borrowed by other languages as well. In English, the term "Cantonese" can be ambiguous. But there are teachers and students who use the transcription system of S.L. [citation needed] As a result, locals do not learn any of these systems. La ĉi-suba teksto estas aÅ­tomata traduko de la artikolo Cantonese phonology article en la angla Vikipedio, farita per la sistemo GramTrans on 2017-08-12 03:43:31. The entire wiki with photo and video galleries for each article. Books and studies for teachers and students in primary and secondary schools usually use this scheme. to assert their identity in the face of new waves of immigration. Furthermore, an offshoot of SMC is the translation to Hanyu Pinyin of certain terms which originated from southern Chinese varieties. It is also used as the medium of instruction in schools, alongside English. It maintained this status until the mid-2000s, when a heavy increase in immigration from Mandarin-speakers largely from Mainland China led to Mandarin surpassing Cantonese as the dominant Chinese dialect spoken. The most notable difference between Hong Kong and Guangzhou pronunciation is the substitution of the liquid nasal (/l/) for the nasal initial (/n/) in many words. [53], Cantonese is spoken by ethnic Chinese in Portugal who originate from Macau, the most established Chinese community in the nation with a presence dating back to the 16th century and Portuguese colonialism. Chinese is the third most widely spoken non-English language in the United States when both Cantonese and Mandarin are combined, behind Spanish and French. Chinese Pidgin English (also called Chinese Coastal English or Pigeon English, traditional Chinese: 洋涇浜英語; simplified Chinese: 洋泾浜英语; pinyin: Yángjìng bāng yÄ«ngyǔ) is a pidgin language lexically based on English, but influenced by a Chinese substratum.From the 17th to the 19th centuries, there was also Chinese Pidgin English spoken in Cantonese-speaking portions of China. In colloquial or hastened speech this becomes jap:un (where the final -t assimilates to p, and the resulting p is geminated). [72], Lastly, the initials /kʷ/ and /kʷʰ/ can be merged into /k/ and /kʰ/ when followed by /ɔː/. [69] Despite a ban on Cantonese films by the Nanjing authority in the 1930s, Cantonese film production continued in Hong Kong which was then under British colonial rule. Chau vs Chao 周, Leung vs Leong 梁). However, some words under Macau's romanization system are same as Hong Kong's (e.g. [75] Additionally, Hong Kong linguist Sidney Lau modified the Yale system for his popular Cantonese-as-a-second-language course and is still in use today. Some linguists believe that the vowel length feature may have roots in the Old Chinese language. I've sometimes seen scholars suggesting the existence of such analyses, but so far I've failed to find any. Since a 1909 Qing dynasty decree, China has promoted Mandarin for use in education, the media, and official communications. As in the United States, the Chinese Canadian community traces its roots to early immigrants from Guangdong during the latter half of the 19th century. [12] Furthermore, it is also a medium of instruction in select academic curricula, including some university elective courses and Chinese as a foreign language programs. [36] Many institutes of higher education have traditionally had Chinese programs based on Cantonese, with some continuing to offer these programs despite the rise of Mandarin. ", "Immigrant's Entrepreneurial Opportunities: The Case of the Chinese in Portugal", "Cantonese almost became the official language", "Say It Loud: Language and Identity in Taiwan and Hong Kong", "Variation and merger of the rising tones in Hong Kong Cantonese", "Identifying the Tai substratum in Cantonese", Hong Kong Government site on the HK Supplementary Character Set (HKSCS), The Memorial Museum of Generalissimo Sun Yat-sen's Mansion, Museum of the Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum of the Nanyue King, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Central Stadium, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantonese&oldid=992833274, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Yue Chinese-language text, Language articles without speaker estimate, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 December 2020, at 10:05. Systematic efforts to develop an alphabetic representation of Cantonese began with the arrival of Protestant missionaries in China early in the nineteenth century. Lam 林, Chan 陳). ), and the highly of­fe… For consonants, some differences include M. /ɕ, tɕ, tɕʰ/ vs. C. /h, k, kʰ/; M. /ʐ/ vs. C. /j/; and a greater syllable coda diversity in Cantonese (such as syllables ending in -t, -p, or -k). Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For related languages and dialects, see, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZhangYangDang2004 (, proposal to switch some programming on Guangzhou television, Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters, development of democracy in the territory, Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation, A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced According to the Dialect of Canton, Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority, List of English words of Cantonese origin, "The Hong Kong Observatory is one of the examples of the Hong Kong Government officially adopting the name "廣東話, "Basic Law, Chapter I : General Principles", "Move to Limit Cantonese on Chinese TV Is Assailed", "Why Cantonese spoken in Malaysia sounds different to Hong Kong Cantonese, and no it's not 'wrong, "Profile of the Singapore Chinese dialect groups", "Use of dialects interfere with learning of Mandarin & English", "The Position of Non-Thai Languages in Thailand", "Mandarin Use Up in Chinese American Communities", "As Mandarin language becomes standard, Chinatown explores new identity", "In Chinatown, Sound of the Future Is Mandarin", "Bensonhurst becomes Brooklyn's second Chinatown", "With an Influx of Newcomers, Little Chinatowns Dot a Changing Brooklyn", "Mapping America: Every City, Every Block", https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/nny2013/chapter3.pdf, "The changing Chinatowns: Move over Manhattan, Sunset Park now home to most Chinese in NYC", "Why is Canada keeping out China's rich? I understand an analysis of nine tones (separating the high, mid and low-mid entering tones from their non-entering counterparts) and that of ten tones (acknowledging that some speakers differentiate a high tone from a high-falling tone). Wong. The Chinatowns of Queens comprise the primary cultural center for New York City's Chinese population and are more middle class.[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. Less prevalent, but still notable differences found among a number of Hong Kong speakers include: Cantonese vowels tend to be traced further back to Middle Chinese than their Mandarin analogues, such as M. /aɪ/ vs. C. /ɔːi/; M. /i/ vs. C. /ɐi/; M. /ɤ/ vs. C. /ɔː/; M. /ɑʊ/ vs. C. /ou/ etc. This rule seems to apply also to -t and dental affricates and fricatives: 一齊 (together; separately: yat tshai, assimilated: yatsh:ai) and (one bamboo, mahjong tile; separately: yat sok, assimilated: yas:ok). Due to the linguistic history of Hong Kong and Macau, and the use of Cantonese in many established overseas Chinese communities, the use of Cantonese is quite widespread compared to the presence of its speakers residing in China. Fuqing dialect, or Hokchia, is an Eastern Min dialect. Sabak Bernam located in the northern part of Selangor state and also in the state of Perak, especially in the state capital city of Ipoh and its surrounding towns of Gopeng, Batu Gajah, and Kampar of the Kinta Valley region plus the towns of Tapah and Bidor in the southern part of the Perak state, and also widely spoken in the eastern Sabahan town of Sandakan as well as the towns of Kuantan, Raub, Bentong, and Mentakab in Pahang state, and they are also found in other areas such as Sarikei, Sarawak, and Mersing, Johor. Instances of the letter ⟨u⟩ under Hong Kong's romanization systems are often replaced by ⟨o⟩ under Macao's romanization systems (e.g. Click one or more tags to show relevant resources. The dialect is also widely spoken as well in the town of Sekinchan in the district of January 2000; Language Culture and Curriculum 13(1) DOI: 10.1080/07908310008666590. In Guangdong and Guangxi, people also call it "provincial capital speech" (省城話; 省城话; Sáangsìng wá) or "plain speech" (白話; 白话; Baahkwá). [2] While the term Cantonese specifically refers to the prestige variety, it is often used to refer to the entire Yue subgroup of Chinese, including related but largely mutually unintelligible languages and dialects such as Taishanese. English and Cantonese Phonology in Contrast: Explaining Cantonese ESL Learners' English Pronunciation Problems. The majority of Chinese emigrants have traditionally originated from Guangdong and Guangxi, as well as Hong Kong and Macau (beginning in the latter half of the 20th century and before the Handover) and Southeast Asia, with Cantonese as their native language. This can be exemplified in the elimination of the contrast of sounds between 吳 (Ng, a surname) (ng4/ǹgh in Guangzhou pronunciation) and 唔 (not) (m4/m̀h in Guangzhou pronunciation). Filter [62] The proclamation of Mandarin as the official national language, however, was not fully accepted by the Cantonese authorities in the early 20th century, who argued for the "regional uniqueness" of their own local language and commercial importance of the region. However, more recent immigrants are arriving from the rest of mainland China and Taiwan and most often speak Standard Mandarin (Putonghua) as their native language,[37][38] although some may also speak their native local variety, such as Shanghainese, Hokkien, Fuzhounese, Hakka, etc. To adapt the system to the needs of users at a time when there were only local variants and no standard—although the speech of the western suburbs, Xiguan, of Guangzhou was the prestige variety at the time—Williams suggested that users learn and follow their teacher's pronunciation of his chart of Cantonese syllables. The section entitled “Sound”, which argues the popular but possibly erroneous claims regarding sound distribution, lacks reference to scholarly literature. Historically, finals that end in a stop consonant were considered as "checked tones" and treated separately by diachronic convention, identifying Cantonese with nine tones (九声六调). Sentence structure, in particular the placement of verbs, sometimes differs between the two varieties. --95.116.254.100 (talk) 01:21, 1 September 2013 (UTC), Could someone add numeric values for the tones, similar to other Sinitic languages, e.g. [24], In Singapore, Mandarin is the official variety of the Chinese language used by the government, which has a Speak Mandarin Campaign (SMC) seeking to actively promote the use of Mandarin at the expense of other Chinese varieties. The name Cantonese is often used for the whole group, but linguists prefer to reserve that name for the variety of Guangzhou (Canton), Wuzhou (Ngchow), Hong Kong and Macau, which is the prestige dialect. The most popular romanization for learning Cantonese in the United States is Yale Romanization. 46.186.37.98 (talk) 00:19, 21 June 2011 (UTC), I would like to see some references explaining how Cantonese can be analyzed as having ELEVEN tones. Cantonese is viewed as a vital and inseparable part of the cultural identity for its native speakers across large swaths of Southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau, as well as in overseas communities. Unlike the above two differences, this merge is found alongside the standard pronunciation in Hong Kong rather than being replaced. Based on the vowel chart in "Handbook of the International Phonetic Association", chapter "Chinese (Hong Kong Cantonese)". The Foreign Service Institute has classified Cantonese as a "Super-Hard" language. Although Cantonese shares much vocabulary with Mandarin, the two Sinitic languages are mutually unintelligible, largely because of lexical differences, but also due to differences in grammar and pronunciation. While a slight majority of ethnic Chinese from Indochina speak Teochew at home, knowledge of Cantonese is prevalent due to its historic prestige status in the region and is used for commercial and community purposes between the different Chinese variety groups. Cantonese films date to the early days of Chinese cinema, and the first Cantonese talkie, White Gold Dragon (白金龍), was made in 1932 by the Tianyi Film Company. Eventualaj ŝanĝoj en la … [21], Due to the popularity of Hong Kong popular culture, especially through drama series and popular music, Cantonese is widely understood by the Chinese in all parts of Malaysia, even though a large proportion of the Chinese Malaysian population is non-Cantonese. Google Cantonese input uses Yale, Jyutping or Cantonese Pinyin, Yale being the first standard.[76][77]. [27], Nevertheless, since the government restriction on media in non-Mandarin varieties was relaxed in the mid-1990s and 2000s, the presence of Cantonese in Singapore has grown substantially. Samuel Wells Willams' Tonic Dictionary of the Chinese Language in the Canton Dialect (Yinghua fenyun cuoyao 1856), is an alphabetic rearrangement, translation and annotation of the Fenyun. [6][7] In mainland China, the term "Guangdong speech" is also increasingly being used amongst both native and non-native speakers. The Shanghainese language, also known as the Shanghai dialect, Hu language or Hu dialect, is a variety of Wu Chinese spoken in the central districts of the City of Shanghai and its surrounding areas. [67], A similar identity issue exists in the United States, where conflicts have arisen among Chinese-speakers due to a large recent influx of Mandarin-speakers. Increasingly since the 1997 Handover, Cantonese has been used as a symbol of local identity in Hong Kong, largely through the development of democracy in the territory and desinicization practices to emphasise a separate Hong Kong identity. How­ever, pho­net­i­cally these are now con­sid­ered a con­fla­tion of t… This system was preceded by the Barnett–Chao system used by the Hong Government Language School. As a result, Cantonese is being given a more important status by the natives than ever before as a common identity of the local people.[16]. [60], In Mainland China, Standard Chinese (based on Mandarin) has been heavily promoted as the medium of instruction in schools and as the official language, especially after the communist takeover in 1949.

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