The apple flower of most varieties requires cross-pollination for fertilization. [91], This article is about the fruit and tree. The soils in which apple trees grow must be well drained; fertilizers can be used if the yield is not high enough. An apple is an edible fruit produced by an apple tree (Malus domestica). Filtered juice is often concentrated and frozen, then reconstituted later and consumed. [88], Breeding efforts have yet to produce a hypoallergenic fruit suitable for either of the two forms of apple allergy. Apple definition is - the fleshy, usually rounded red, yellow, or green edible pome fruit of a usually cultivated tree (genus Malus) of the rose family; also : an apple tree. One of the problems identifying apples in religion, mythology and folktales is that the word "apple" was used as a generic term for all (foreign) fruit, other than berries, including nuts, as late as the 17th century. The word apple, formerly spelled æppel in Old English, is derived from the Proto-Germanic root *ap(a)laz, which could also mean fruit in general. As the wave of settlement moved across North America, it was accompanied by the distribution of seedling apple varieties, perhaps by Indians and trappers, certainly by itinerants who became local legendary figures, the most prominent being Johnny Appleseed (John Chapman), a professional nurseryman who planted apple trees extensively in Ohio and Indiana. The larynx in the human throat has been called the "Adam's apple" because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit remaining in the throat of Adam. [5][9] Cultivation of the species, most likely beginning on the forested flanks of the Tian Shan mountains, progressed over a long period of time and permitted secondary introgression of genes from other species into the open-pollinated seeds. [52], Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and grow in a variety of textures and colors. [79] A light coating of kaolin, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, also may help prevent apple sun scalding. [25] [42], The proverb, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away", addressing the supposed health benefits of the fruit, has been traced to 19th-century Wales, where the original phrase was "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread". At the Sammardenchia-Cueis site near Udine in Northeastern Italy, seeds from some form of apples have been found in material carbon dated to around 4000 BCE. IOS is a mobile operating system for Apple-manufactured devices. Even in the case when a triploid plant can produce a seed (apples are an example), it occurs infrequently, and seedlings rarely survive. Apples are an important ingredient in many desserts, such as apple pie, apple crumble, apple crisp and apple cake. The company produces consumer electronics, personal computers, and software. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and use, including cooking, eating raw and cider production. [90] The United States National Library of Medicine's Hazardous Substances Data Bank records no cases of amygdalin poisoning from consuming apple seeds. Apple juice can be fermented to make cider (called hard cider in North America), ciderkin, and vinegar. This is ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *ab(e)l-, but the precise original meaning and the relationship between both words[clarification needed] is uncertain. [34], Further, Davidson points out the "strange" phrase "Apples of Hel" used in an 11th-century poem by the skald Thorbiorn Brúnarson. Apple, (Malus domestica), fruit of the domesticated tree Malus domestica (family Rosaceae), one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. She points out that buckets of apples were found in the Oseberg ship burial site in Norway, that fruit and nuts (Iðunn having been described as being transformed into a nut in Skáldskaparmál) have been found in the early graves of the Germanic peoples in England and elsewhere on the continent of Europe, which may have had a symbolic meaning, and that nuts are still a recognized symbol of fertility in southwest England. [88] This form of apple allergy also includes OAS, but often has more severe symptoms, such as vomiting, abdominal pain and urticaria, and can be life-threatening. Dried apples can be eaten or reconstituted (soaked in water, alcohol or some other liquid). [77], Organic apples are commonly produced in the United States. [86], Preliminary research is investigating whether apple consumption may affect the risk of some types of cancer. Bumblebee queens are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in sufficient number to be significant pollinators.[61][63]. Cooking does not break down the protein causing this particular reaction, so affected individuals cannot eat raw or cooked apples. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), though some are cultivated specifically for cooking (cooking apples) or producing cider. Apples adjectives are listed in this post. [70] Other pests that affect apple trees include Codling moths and apple maggots. Orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Apples are ripening on their normal schedule this year. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage. GPS . [80], The enzyme, polyphenol oxidase, causes browning in sliced or bruised apples, by catalyzing the oxidation of phenolic compounds to o-quinones, a browning factor. The report illustrates the application of the major analytical strategic frameworks in business studies such as SWOT, PESTEL, Porter’s Five Forces, Value Chain analysis, Ansoff Matrix and McKinsey 7S Model on Apple. This is because seedling apples are an example of "extreme heterozygotes", in that rather than inheriting genes from their parents to create a new apple with parental characteristics, they are instead significantly different from their parents, perhaps to compete with the many pests. For long holding, temperatures only slightly above the freezing point of the fruit are generally desirable. Significant exchange with Malus sylvestris, the crabapple, resulted in current populations of apples being more related to crabapples than to the more morphologically similar progenitor Malus sieversii. Apple's product family includes the Macintosh line of desktop and notebook computers, the iPod digital music player, the Mac OS X operating system, the iTunes Music Store, the Xserve G5 server, and Xserve RAID storage products. With mature trees, a rigorous spraying regime must be followed to protect against insect pests and possibly to delay spring development, to thin young fruit, and to hold the autumn drop of ripening fruit to a minimum. [78] Due to infestations by key insects and diseases, organic production is difficult in Europe. Since the 1930s, the Excelsior Experiment Station at the University of Minnesota has introduced a steady progression of important apples that are widely grown, both commercially and by local orchardists, throughout Minnesota and Wisconsin. It is one of the largest IT companies in the world and it is often considered to … The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; it opens first and can develop a larger fruit.[5][6]. "[32], Apples appear in many religious traditions, often as a mystical or forbidden fruit. A reference serving of a raw apple with skin weighing 100 grams provides 52 calories and a moderate content of dietary fiber. Our latest episode for parents features the topic of empathy. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/plant/apple-fruit-and-tree, Science Kids - Fun Science and Technology for Kids - Apple Facts for Kids, Public Broadcasting Service - The Botany of Desire - Apple Sweetness, apple - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), apple - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Update to the latest version of iOS or iPadOS by going to Settings > General > Software Update. Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at very high altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors, provide crops twice per year because of constant temperate conditions year-round. [28] Apple cultivars brought as seed from Europe were spread along Native American trade routes, as well as being cultivated on colonial farms. [48] Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Davidson asserts that while cultivation of the apple in Northern Europe extends back to at least the time of the Roman Empire and came to Europe from the Near East, the native varieties of apple trees growing in Northern Europe are small and bitter. Crisp and Very Sweet. The apple is a deciduous tree, generally standing 2 to 4.5 m (6 to 15 ft) tall in cultivation and up to 9 m (30 ft) in the wild. [67], Non-organic apples may be sprayed with 1-methylcyclopropene blocking the apples' ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening.[68]. Most North Americans and Europeans favor sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong minority following. The apple flower of most varieties requires cross-pollination for fertilization. These are thought to be hybrids between M. baccata and M. sieversii in Kazakhstan. 100 gram amount", "How to understand and use the nutrition facts label", https://www.epicurious.com/ingredients/apple-of-my-eye-gallery, "European Organic Apple Production Demonstrates the Value of Pesticides", "United States: GM non-browning Arctic apple expands into foodservice", "Okanagan Specialty Fruits: Biotechnology Consultation Agency Response Letter BNF 000132", "Apple intake and cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies", Oral allergy syndrome may explain mysterious reactions, "Humor and Philosophy Relating to Apples", PRI disease resistant apple breeding program, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple&oldid=992270029, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Old English (ca. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars.[61]. The association between Jobs and Wozniak, in particular, dates back to 1971, when they first met at Hewlett-Packard - where Wozniak worked - through a mutual friend.Both of them started a business in 1972 that saw them selling a device called “blue box” which allowe… Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Davidson also notes a further connection between fertility and apples in Norse mythology in chapter 2 of the Völsunga saga: when the major goddess Frigg sends King Rerir an apple after he prays to Odin for a child, Frigg's messenger (in the guise of a crow) drops the apple in his lap as he sits atop a mound. [3], A raw apple is 86% water and 14% carbohydrates, with negligible content of fat and protein (table). The skin of ripe apples is generally red, yellow, green, pink, or russetted, though many bi- or tri-colored cultivars may be found. Apple Inc Report contains a full analysis of Apple organizational structure. While watching a video: Apple TV 4K or Apple TV HD: Swipe down on your remote's Touch surface to reveal the Info panel, then swipe right to the Audio panel. Atalanta, also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. Apple varieties that ripen during late summer are generally of poor quality for storage. Through distillation, various alcoholic beverages can be produced, such as applejack, Calvados, and apfelwein. Further, Davidson notes that the potentially Germanic goddess Nehalennia is sometimes depicted with apples and that parallels exist in early Irish stories. [45] In the 19th century and early 20th, the phrase evolved to "an apple a day, no doctor to pay" and "an apple a day sends the doctor away"; the phrasing now commonly used was first recorded in 1922. Hundreds of varieties were recognized in Europe before the settlement of the Americas. Honey bees are most commonly used. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples, resulting in a range of desired characteristics. When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by rootstock selection and trimming method. [43] The tree of the forbidden fruit is called "the tree of the knowledge of good and evil" in Genesis 2:17, and the Latin for "good and evil" is bonum et malum. To access and use all the features of Apple Card, you must add Apple Card to Wallet on an iPhone or iPad with iOS or iPadOS 13.2 or later. rough and brown. Controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity, low oxygen, and controlled carbon dioxide levels to maintain fruit freshness. Improved selections had been made, and varieties were recognized more than 2,000 years ago. The apple is a deciduous tree, generally standing 2 to 4.5 m (6 to 15 ft) tall in cultivation and up to 9 m (30 ft) in the wild. You’ll go gaga for Gala! 'Granny Smith' and 'Fuji') have more than three times the storage life of others. Tap Download and Install. [58] The majority of the rootstocks used today to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. [62], Apples are self-incompatible; they must cross-pollinate to develop fruit. Granny Smith. [23] Genetic analysis has not yet been successfully used to determine whether such ancient apples were wild Malus sylvestris or Malus domesticus containing Malus sieversii ancestry. The fruit matures in late summer or autumn, and cultivars exist in a wide range of sizes. But is he just a legend or did he really exist? [47], There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples. [13] However, this first whole genome sequence turned out to contain several errors[14] in part owing to the high degree of heterozygosity in diploid apple which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. For the American technology company, see, Edible fruit of domesticated deciduous tree, Significance in European cultures and societies, "An Apple a Day: Old-Fashioned Proverbs and Why They Still Work", by Caroline Taggart; published 2009 by, apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing), Link to Full Nutrient Report of USDA Database entry, "Apple production in 2018; Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity", "Origin and meaning of "apple" by Online Etymology Dictionary", "New Insight into the History of Domesticated Apple: Secondary Contribution of the European Wild Apple to the Genome of Cultivated Varieties", "ScienceShot: The Secret History of the Domesticated Apple", "The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh. Of the total world production, one-fourth goes for cider. [46] Despite the proverb, there is no evidence that eating an apple daily has any significant health effects. High and low heart rate notifications. Available for … In the United Kingdom, old cultivars such as 'Cox's Orange Pippin' and 'Egremont Russet' are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and susceptible to disease. Several whole genome sequences has been made available, the first one in 2010 was based on the diploid cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’. However, more than with most perennial fruits, apples must be propagated asexually to obtain the sweetness and other desirable characteristics of the parent. Apple Inc. Apple, Inc. engages in the design, manufacture, and sale of smartphones, personal computers, tablets, wearables and accessories, and other variety of related services. Generally, apple cultivars are propagated by grafting onto rootstocks, which control the size of the resulting tree. [51], The UK's national fruit collection database contains much information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is essentially the same "genetic" apple cultivar. [61], Apple skins and seeds contain various phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols which are under preliminary research for their potential health effects. An epigram claiming authorship by Plato states:[41]. Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. It may take several hours before the poison takes effect, as cyanogenic glycosides must be hydrolyzed before the cyanide ion is released. Alexander the Great sent samples of dwarf apple trees to Aristotle's Lyceum. Omissions? Its most important contributions have included 'Haralson' (which is the most widely cultivated apple in Minnesota), 'Wealthy', 'Honeygold', and 'Honeycrisp'. The leaves are alternately arranged dark green-colored simple ovals with serrated margins and slightly downy undersides. [27] The only apples native to North America are crab apples, which were once called "common apples". It is grown in orchards. In Europe a larger fraction of the crop goes for cider, wine, and brandy. Description Apple Inc. designs, manufactures, and markets smartphones, personal computers, tablets, wearables, and accessories worldwide. Individuals with this form of allergy can also develop reactions to other fruits and nuts. Apple juice is often concentrated and frozen. Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. It is a global company that originated in California USA. Some find them to have better flavor than modern cultivars,[54] but they may have other problems that make them commercially unviable—low yield, disease susceptibility, poor tolerance for storage or transport, or just being the "wrong" size. [42] The apple as symbol of sexual seduction has been used to imply human sexuality, possibly in an ironic vein. )", "A high-density, multi-parental SNP genetic map on apple validates a new mapping approach for outcrossing species", "High-quality de novo assembly of the apple genome and methylome dynamics of early fruit development", "A high-quality apple genome assembly reveals the association of a retrotransposon and red fruit colour", "Genome re-sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two-stage model for fruit enlargement", "Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile", "Association between apple consumption and physician visits", "ECPGR Malus/Pyrus Working Group Members", "Crops & Gardening – Apples of Antiquity", "Polyploidy: From Evolution to Landscape Plant Improvement", 11th Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA) Conference held in Gresham, Oregon, August 23–24, 2000, "Dwarf Rootstocks for Apple Trees in the Home Garden", "The Importance of Apple Rootstocks on Tree Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, Leaf Nutrition, and Photosynthesis with an Emphasis on 'Fuji, An Assessment of Non-Apis Bees as Fruit and Vegetable Crop Pollinators in Southwest Virginia, "Refrigerated storage of perishable foods", "Puff the Magic Preservative: Lasting Crunch, but Less Scent", "Efficacy of tree trunk coating materials in the control of the apple clearwing, Synanthedon myopaeformis", "Nutrition Facts, Apples, raw, with skin [Includes USDA commodity food A343]. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [61], Farms with apple orchards open them to the public so consumers can pick their own apples. The 3 to 4 cm (1 to 1 1⁄2 in) flowers are white with a pink tinge that gradually fades, five petaled, with an inflorescence consisting of a cyme with 4–6 flowers. Trade‑in values are based on the received device matching the description you provided when your estimate was made. Malus species are native to the temperate zones of both hemispheres. [3] Secondary producers were the United States and Poland. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were brought to North America by European colonists.
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